Song Analysis

Instruments: 

• Male Voice-Middle Ranged Pitch
• Electric bass (Low Pitch)
• Drum Kit = Hihat (High Pitch)-Bass Drum (Low Pitch)
• Maraca (high Pitch)
• Electric Guitar (Middle Ranged Pitch
• Organ

Pitch: High
Melody: Male Voice
Contour: Smooth
Tonality: Major
Syncopation: A lot of "off beat" made by the guitar.
Role of Singer: Carry out the melody
Time signature: 4/4
Repetition: In the song, the chorus and the verse are repeated one after the other (A,B)

 Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba 

Capital: Kingston 

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 Rastafarians believe they are one of the lost tribes of Israel who were sold into slavery and taken to Babylon (Jamaica) and that they must return to Zion, which they hold to be Ethiopia. 

Religion

. Religion is fundamental to Jamaican life, which can be seen in the references to Biblical events in everyday speech. 
. The island has the highest number of churches per capita in the world and more than 100 different Christian denominations. Most Jamaicans are Christians; the largest denominations are the Anglicans, Baptists, Methodists, Pentecostals, Brethren and Roman Catholics. 
. Christmas is typically observed by various denominations with Communion services, candlelight ceremonies, concerts, all-night prayer meetings and the singing of Christmas carols. 

Rastafarianism

. Rastafarians believe they are one of the lost tribes of Israel who were sold into slavery and taken to Babylon (Jamaica) and that they must return to Zion, which they hold to be Ethiopia. 
. The movement does not have organized congregations, it does not have a paid clergy, and it doesn't have a written doctrine. 
. There are three types of Rastafarians in Jamaica:
1. Members of the Bobo Shanti order wear long robes and tightly wrapped turbans. They function like an independent nation within Jamaica with their own constitution. Their lifestyle closely emulates those of the Old Testament Jewish Mosaic Law, which includes the observation of the Sabbath from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday, hygiene laws, and special greetings among themselves. 
2. Members of the Nyahbinghi sect focus mainly on Emperor Haile Selassie and they proclaim that he is the incarnation of the Supreme deity. They push for their repatriation to Ethiopia, from where they believe all black people came. Ethiopia plays a major role in this sect. 3. The Twelve Tribes was founded in 1968 by Dr. Vernon 'Prophet Gad ' Carrington and is the most liberal of the Rastafarian orders. Members are allowed to worship in a church of their choosing or within the privacy of their house. They consider themselves the direct descendants of the 12 Sons of David.

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Facts and Statistics

Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba 

Capital: Kingston 

Population: 2,713,130 (July 2004 est.) 

Ethnic Make-up: black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1% 

The Language:English (official). English is the official language of Jamaica. However, Patois (Creole), a combination of English and some African languages, is spoken in rural areas and is used increasingly in urban areas. Most Jamaicans can speak or understand Patois, but it is not a written language. Jamaican speech, even in English, has a distinctive rhythmic and melodic quality. 

Steelpan

The modern pan is a chromatically pitched percussion instrument (although some toy or novelty steelpans are tuned diatonically, and some older style round the neck instruments have even fewer notes), made from 55 gallon drums that formerly contained oil and like substances.

Drum refers to the steel drum containers from which the pans are made; the steeldrum is more correctly called a steel pan or pan as it falls into the idiophone family of instruments, and so is not a drum which is a membranophone.

The pan is struck using a pair of straight sticks tipped with rubber; the size and type of rubber tip varies according to the class of pan being played. Some musicians use four pansticks, holding two in each hand. This skill and performance has been conclusively shown to have grown out of Trinidad and Tobago's early 20th century Carnival percussion groups known as Tamboo Bamboo. The pan is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago. Since Pythagoras calculated the formula for the musical cycle of fourths and fifths, Steel Pans are the only instruments made to follow this configuration.

Instruments in Jamaican Music

The drum is essential to all types of Jamaican music and it is one of the typical instruments of Jamaican music. The drums used in the country have their ties to Africa, and most of them have goatskin heads. The Kbandu is a large and low pitched drum that is usually played in a 4/4 rhythm with an accent on the first and third beats. A more complicated drum is the Playin Kyas which is smaller and has a higher pitch. This is usually used as the lead drum and the rhythms played are usually syncopated and are complicated thereby requiring enough knowledge from the player. The gumbie is a barrel shaped drum made from pieces of hollow trees and are around 6 feet in length. The goombah is a block of wood that is hollow inside to produce the sound. A rustic drum made from trunks of hollow trees is called goombay, and is covered with sheep or goat skin. Lastly, toombah is made from trumpet tree with three strings that are stretched across.

Percussion devices are also important typical instruments of Jamaican music. The maraca is a percussion instrument made from dried gourd, calabash or coconut shell and is filled with dried beans or seeds. These can also be made of plastic, leather or wood and are usually played in pairs. One has a high pitch and the other has a low pitch, making a great blend of sound when being played. Mbira is a wooden board with attached metal keys and is usually fitted into a resonator. A bass mbira is called rhumba box and it produces a lower pitched sound. Other percussion instruments include triangles, graters and glass bottles.

Some typical instruments of Jamaican instruments are the flute and trumpet. The Coromantee flute was introduced by the Arawaks, the indigenous people in Jamaica. This particular name was derived from the fierce African tribe called Coromantee. There is also a flute that was made from an animal bone. An animal horn was previously used as a trumpet but it is not used as much these days. Moreover, the boompipe is a stamping tube that is a typical instrument of Jamaican music. The sounds are produced by buzzing the lips while blowing into the tube. You can also produce the notes when you stamp one end of the boompipe on the ground.
String instruments are also prominent in Jamaican music. The Aeolian harp is made of a wooden box with a sounding board and is usually played where there is wind. Guitars are also typical instruments of Jamaican music and some of the most commonly used are the fiddles, bangils, banjos and banjars. Jamaicans play their guitars on the upstroke, with a rhythm that is particularly attractive to every listener.

Nesta Robert Marley

Nesta Robert Marley, more widely and commonly known as "Bob Marley" OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for the ska, rocksteady and reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers (1963–1981). Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience.

Lee "Scratch" Perry

Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry, 20 March 1936, Kendal, Jamaica) is a musician and producer who has been influential in the development and acceptance of reggae and dub music in Jamaica and overseas. He employs numerous pseudonyms, including Pipecock Jackxon and The Upsetter.

Reggae 1970´s

Reggae is a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. While sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to most types of Jamaican music, the term reggae more properly denotes a particular music style that originated following on the development of ska and rocksteady.

Reggae is most easily recognized by the rhythmic accents on the off-beat, usually played by guitar and/or piano, known as the skank. This pattern accents the second and fourth beat in each bar (or the "and"s of each beat depending on how the music is counted) and combines with the drums emphasis on beat three to create a unique feel and sense of phrasing in contrast to most other popular genres focus on beat one, the "downbeat". The tempo of Reggae is usually felt as slower than the popular Jamaican forms, ska and rocksteady, which preceded it. It is this slower tempo, the guitar/piano offbeats, the emphasis on the third beat, and the use of syncopated, melodic bass lines that differentiates reggae from other music, although other musical styles have incorporated some of these innovations separately.

History of Reggae

Reggae developed from ska, mento and R&B music in the 1960s. The shift from rocksteady to reggae was illustrated by the organ shuffle, which was pioneered by Jamaican musicians like Jackie Mittoo and Winston Wright. This new technique was featured in the transitional singles "Say What You're Saying" (1967) by Clancy Eccles, and "People Funny Boy" (1968) by Lee "Scratch" Perry. The Pioneers' 1967 track "Long Shot Bus' Me Bet" has been identified as the earliest recorded example of the new rhythm sound that became known as reggae.

Early 1968 was when the first genuine reggae records were released: "Nanny Goat" by Larry Marshall and "No More Heartaches" by The Beltones. American artist Johnny Nash's 1968 hit "Hold Me Tight" has been credited with first putting reggae in the American listener charts.[8] Around that time, reggae influences were starting to surface in rock music.

The Wailers, a band started by Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer in 1963, are perhaps the most recognised band that made the transition through all three stages of early Jamaican popular music: ska, rocksteady and reggae. Other significant reggae pioneers include Prince Buster, Desmond Dekker and Ken Boothe.

Notable Jamaican producers who were influential in the development of ska into rocksteady and reggae include: Coxsone Dodd, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Leslie Kong, Duke Reid, Joe Gibbs and King Tubby. Chris Blackwell, who founded Island Records in Jamaica in 1960, relocated to England in 1962, where he continued to promote Jamaican music. He formed a partnership with Trojan Records, founded by Lee Gopthal in 1968. Trojan released recordings by reggae artists in the UK until 1974, when Saga bought the label.

Dub 1960´s

Dub is a form of music which evolved out of reggae in the 1960s. The dub sound consists predominantly of instrumental remixes of existing recordings and is achieved by significantly manipulating and reshaping the recordings, usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece, emphasizing the drum and bass frequencies or 'riddim', adding extensive echo and reverb effects, and dubbing occasional snippets of lyrics from the original version.

It is widely accepted that Jamaican musicians Osbourne "King Tubby" Ruddock, and Lee "Scratch" Perry pioneered the style in the 1960s and early 1970s. Ruddock and Perry each called upon the mixing desk as an instrument, with the deejay or "selector" playing the role of the artist or performer. These early 'dub' examples can be looked upon as the prelude to many dance and pop music genres.

Today, the word 'dub' is used widely to describe the re-formatting of music of various genres into typically instrumental, rhythm-centric adaptations

History of Dub 

Dub music evolved from early instrumental reggae music and "versions" that incorporated fairly primitive reverb and echo sound effects.

In 1968, Kingston, Jamaica sound system operator Ruddy Redwood went to Duke Reid's Treasure Isle studio to cut a one-off dub plate. Engineer Byron Smith left the vocal track out by accident, but Redwood kept the result and played it at his next dance with his deejay Wassy toasting over the rhythm. 

Ska 1950´s

Ska is the combination of mento, American Jazz and rhythm and blues. It is characterized by the guitar hitting the 2nd, 3rdth beats and the drumbeat on the 2nd and 4th beat in (4/4 time). The music is energetic, fast passed and upbeat. Instruments in a ska band include piano, guitar, drums and various horns.

Ska is sometimes seen as accidental music. In the 1950's after World War II There was a heavy influx of American Jazz and Rhythm and Blues and Jamaicans clamored for it. As American R and B began to shift to rock n' roll Jamaicans were in desperate need for something else. When local producers such as Prince Buster and Coxsone Dodd attempted to recreate the American R and B, it resulted in what is today known as ska.

Coxsone Dodd is one of the most important figures in the history of ska. As Jamaica gained independence from Great Britain in the 1960's the need for musical identity arose with the changing of tide. Coxsone who was a disc jockey who began recording popular bands that became very popular in Jamaica.

Much of the lyrics in Ska recordings were influenced by the Jamaican rude boy culture. The emergence of this rude boy culture was a result of the harsh socio economic condition faced by many Jamaican youth.

Origins

Mento, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Dancehall and all other Jamaican music forms have a very deep rooted history. Jamaicans can trace their musical roots to around the time of 1655 when the English had assumed control of Jamaica. After capturing the island from the Spanish, they continued to expand on the existing slave trade. Until the 19th century the English imported several thousand of enslaved Africans to the Jamaica and with the Africans came new languages, new religions, new music, different cultures, beliefs and ways of life.